Of 1,873 ongoing Union government projects—each valued at over ₹150 crore—779 are delayed, with cost overruns soaring past ₹5.01 lakh crore as of April 2024
India’s infrastructure sector is grappling with massive delays, with 43 per cent of projects running behind schedule, leading to cost overruns exceeding ₹5 lakh crore.
A key factor behind these delays is the outdated Public-Private Partnership (PPP) concession agreements, which are increasingly ill-suited to today’s dynamic regulatory landscape and shifting project requirements, according to a report by consulting firm Primus Partners.
It says there is an urgent need to revamp concession agreements, which govern public-private partnerships and significantly impact project execution.
Recent data from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) paints a concerning picture. Of 1,873 ongoing Union government projects—each valued at over ₹150 crore—779 are delayed, with cost overruns soaring past ₹5.01 lakh crore as of April 2024. The railway sector is a major contributor, with 127 delayed projects suffering an average time overrun of 52 months. Furthermore, 298 projects lack clear commissioning timelines, reflecting gaps in planning and oversight.
The concession agreement structure defines the rights and responsibilities of public authorities and private investors in infrastructure projects. While such agreements provide a structured framework for projects, they often fail to address crucial aspects such as regulatory compliance, risk distribution, and project viability. Strengthening these areas is essential for smoother project execution and minimising financial losses.
“A well-structured concession agreement should integrate market assessments, dynamic revenue models, and phased development plans to mitigate risks,” the report states. It further recommends periodic financial reviews, aligning commercial frameworks with project development phases to ensure long-term viability, stakeholder engagement, and robust dispute resolution mechanisms
The future of infrastructure development depends not just on avoiding past mistakes but on creating sophisticated frameworks that actively support and enhance project delivery, it said.
It also lists several reforms for the infra sector. First, regulatory guidelines need to be clearer, with concession agreements explicitly outlining responsibility for securing approvals and environmental clearances, along with defined timelines and fair compensation for delays. Second, financial models must be flexible, allowing revenue-sharing frameworks to adjust to evolving market conditions while ensuring long-term project viability. Third, risk-sharing mechanisms should be balanced, offering transparent processes for both public and private parties to manage unexpected developments. Lastly, modern infrastructure demands greater flexibility; agreements must be structured to accommodate shifts in technology, environmental considerations, and market dynamics.
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Published on April 4, 2025
